Websites on Nara- and Heian-Period Japan: Essay on Nara and Heian Periods Wikipedia article on the Nara Period Wikipedia Wikipedia article on the Heian Period Wikipedia Essay on the Japanese Missions to Tang China Kusado Sengen, Excavated Medieval Town .jp Kojiki, Nihongi and Sacred Shinto Texts Imperial Household Agency kunaicho.go.jp/eindex List of Emperors of Japan Mt. Land holding and the distribution of the proceeds of the land was highly complex in Heian Japan and for several centuries thereafter. Instead, powerful nobles in the capital held formal interests in these estates (much like owning stock in a corporation) and, in return for using their influence to maintain the special legal status of the estates, they received regular payments, often in produce, from these lands.
These estates were complex legal entities that gradually became exempt from direct central government supervision and tax collection. “The vast majority of Japan’s people worked in agriculture, and, as the Heian period progressed, many of them became workers on special agricultural estates known as shoen. We know next to nothing about the lifestyles, beliefs and customs of the majority of the people in Japan at the time.”
There remains a large quantity of literature from the Heian period, nearly all of which is by the aristocracy, for the aristocracy, and about the aristocracy.
According to “Topics in Japanese Cultural History”: “By almost any estimate, the Heian-period aristocracy comprised less than one percent of the entire population of Japan, and it was under ten percent of the population even within Kyoto. The nobility numbered perhaps a few thousand in Kyoto - a city of 100,000 in a country of 5 million. When people talk Heian society they are mainly talking about the aristocracy from period.
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